>Plectrophenax hyperboreus (McKay's Bunting)

McKay's Bunting

McKay's Bunting
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Calcariidae
Genus:	Plectrophenax
Species:	P. hyperboreus
Binomial name
Plectrophenax hyperboreus Ridgway, 1884

McKay's Bunting (Plectrophenax hyperboreus) is a passerine bird in the longspur family Calcariidae. It is most closely related to the Snow Bunting (P. nivalis). Hybrids between the two species have been observed, leading some authorities to treat McKay's as a subspecies of Snow Bunting. As the Plectrophenax buntings are nested within the Calcarius clade, their closest relatives are the longspurs. McKay's Bunting breeds on two islands in the Bering Sea, St. Matthew and Hall islands, and winters on the western coast of the U.S. state of Alaska.

Description

This species closely resembles Snow Bunting in all plumages, but is whiter overall. The breeding plumage of the male is almost purely white, with only small areas of black on the wingtips and tail. The breeding female has a streaked back. Non-breeding birds also have warm brown patches on cheeks, crown, and the sides of the neck.McKay's Bunting is larger on average than the Snow Bunting. It is 18 cm (7.1 in) long and weighs from 38 to 62 g (1.3 to 2.2 oz), with an average of 54.5 g (1.92 oz). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 10.1 to 12.2 cm (4.0 to 4.8 in), the tail is 6.4 to 7.5 cm (2.5 to 3.0 in), the bill is 1.1 to 1.3 cm (0.43 to 0.51 in) and the tarsus is 2 to 2.4 cm (0.79 to 0.94 in).

Ecology

This bunting nests on shingle beaches in hollow drift logs and rock crevices. Winters on coastal marshes, shingle beaches, and agricultural fields. Feeding habits are thought to be similar to Snow Bunting, which in winter 

Status

The population of this species is estimated at less than 6,000 individuals. Although under no immediate threat, it is susceptible to devastation by any introduced rats, weasels or foxes, as well as rising sea levels due to climate change.

The name of this bird honours the American naturalist Charles McKay.

>Plectrophenax nivalis (Snow Bunting)

Snow Bunting

Snow Bunting
Male in breeding plumage, Alaska
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Calcariidae
Genus:	Plectrophenax
Species:	P. nivalis
Binomial name
Plectrophenax nivalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
Passerina nivalis

The Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis), sometimes colloquially called a snowflake, is a passerine bird in the longspur family Calcariidae. It is an arctic specialist, with a circumpolar Arctic breeding range throughout the northern hemisphere. There are small isolated populations on a few high mountain tops south of the Arctic region, including the Cairngorms in central Scotland and the Saint Elias Mountains on the southern Alaska-Yukon border, and also Cape Breton Highlands.

Characteristics

It is fairly large and long-winged for a bunting, 15–18 cm long and with a wingspan of 32–38 cm, and weighing 26–50 g. In flight, it is easily identified by its large white wing patches. The breeding male is unmistakable, with all white plumage and a black back; the breeding female is grey-black where the male is solid black. In winter plumage, both sexes are mottled pale ginger, blackish and white above, and pale ginger and white below, with the males having more white than the females. The bill is yellow with a black tip, all black in summer males. Unlike most passerines, it has feathered tarsi, an adaptation to its harsh environment. No other passerine can winter as far north as this species apart from the Common Raven.

The call is a distinctive rippling whistle, "per,r,r,rit" and the typical Plectrophenax warble "hudidi feet feet feew hudidi".

It builds its bulky nest in rock crevices. The eggs are blue-green, spotted brown, and hatch in 12–13 days, and the young are already ready to fly after a further 12–14 days.

There are four subspecies, which differ slightly in the plumage pattern of breeding males:

• Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis. Arctic Europe, Arctic North America. Head white, rump mostly black with a small area of white.
• Plectrophenax nivalis insulae. Iceland, Faroe Islands, Scotland. Head white with a blackish collar, rump black.
• Plectrophenax nivalis vlasowae. Arctic Asia. Head white, rump mostly white.
• Plectrophenax nivalis townsendi. Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka, coastal far eastern Siberia. As vlasowae, but slightly larger.

It is very closely related to the Beringian McKay's Bunting, which differs in having even more white in the plumage. Hybrids between the two occur in Alaska, and they have been considered conspecific by some authors,though they are generally treated as separate species.

The species is not endangered at present, with good populations.It shows little fear of humans, and often nests around buildings in Arctic areas, readily feeding on grain or other scraps put out for it.

The breeding habitat is on tundra, treeless moors, and bare mountains. It is migratory, wintering a short distance further south in open habitats in northern temperate areas, typically on either sandy coasts, steppes, prairies, or low mountains, more rarely on farmland stubble. In winter, it forms mobile flocks. During the last ice age, the Snow Bunting was widespread throughout continental Europe.

Gallery

• 

  Adult breeding maleinsulae, Iceland
 
• 

  Adult winter male, England
 
• 

  Adult breeding male, Scotland
 
• 

  P. n. nivalis, in spring
 
• 

  Adult in winter plumage, Germany

>>Genus Plectrophenax

Plectrophenax

Plectrophenax
Snow Bunting
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Calcariidae
Genus:	Plectrophenax Stejneger, 1882
Species
P. nivalis P. hyperboreus

Plectrophenax is a small genus of passerine birds of the longspur family Calcariidae.

It has two members, which may be conspecific.

• Snow Bunting, Plectrophenax nivalis
• McKay's Bunting, Plectrophenax hyperboreus

They are high arctic breeding seed-eating birds with stubby, conical bills, and much white in the plumage, especially in adult males. They nest in rock crevices. As would be expected, both species are highly migratory, wintering in more temperate areas.

The plumages are similar, but McKay’s has more white and less black in the plumage, especially in the wings and tail. Adult breeding males of both species are mainly white with contrasting black on at least the wings, but are duller in winter. Females have white and brown plumage. The calls of both species are identical and include a low warbled hudidi feet feet feew hudidi feet feet feew hudidi.

>Calcarius ornatus (Chestnut-collared Longspur)

Chestnut-collared Longspur

Chestnut-collared Longspur
Conservation status
Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Calcariidae
Genus:	Calcarius
Species:	C. ornatus
Binomial name
Calcarius ornatus (Townsend, 1837)

The Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus) is a small ground-feeding bird from the family Calcariidae which also contains the longspurs.

These birds have a short conical bill, a streaked back and a white tail with a dark tip. In breeding plumage, the male has black underparts, a chestnut nape, a yellow throat and a black crown. Other birds have light brown underparts, a dark crown, brown wings and may have some chestnut on the nape.

This bird breeds in short and mixed grass prairies in central Canada and the north central United States. The female lays 4 or 5 eggs in a grass cup nest in a shallow scrape on the ground. The male sings and flies up to defend his territory. Both parents feed the young birds.

In winter, they migrate in flocks to prairies and open fields in the southern United States and Mexico.

These birds forage on the ground, gathering in flocks in winter. They mainly eat seeds, also eating insects in summer. Young birds are mainly fed insects.

The call is a two-syllabled chee dee.

Conservation

Like other prairie birds, they have disappeared from some areas due to habitat loss but are still fairly common.

Controlled burns may benefit this species as they feed on low-growing plants that are more easily spotted after a fire.

>Calcarius pictus (Smith's Longspur)

Smith's Longspur

Smith's Longspur
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Calcariidae
Genus:	Calcarius
Species:	C. pictus
Binomial name
Calcarius pictus (Swainson, 1832)

The Smith's Longspur (Calcarius pictus) is a small ground-feeding bird from the family Calcariidae, which also contains the longspurs.

These birds have short cone-shaped bills, streaked backs, and dark tails with white outer retrices. In breeding state plumage (mostly formed by worn basic plumage), the male has pumpkin orange throat, nape, and underparts contrasting with an intricate black-and-white face pattern. The white lesser coverts are quite pronounced on a male in spring and early summer. Females and immatures have lightly streaked buffy underparts, dark crowns, brown wings with less obvious white lesser coverts, and a light-colored face. The tail is identical at all ages.

This bird breeds in open grassy areas near the tree line in northern Canada and Alaska. The female lays 3 to 5 eggs in a grass cup nest on the ground. These birds nest in small colonies; males do not defend territory. Both males and females may have more than one mate. The parents, one female and possibly more than one male, feed the young birds.

In winter, they congregate in open fields, including airports, in the south-central United States.

Migration is elliptical, with northbound birds staging in Illinois in the spring and southbound birds flying over the Great Plains in the fall.

These birds forage on the ground, gathering in flocks outside of the nesting season. They mainly eat seeds, also eating insects in summer. Young birds are mainly fed insects.

The song is a sweet warble that's inflected at the end, somewhat reminiscent of Chestnut-sided Warbler. The call is a dry rattle, like a shorterned version of the call of a femal Brown-headed Cowbird. It is noticeably drier than that of Lapland Longspur.

Audubon named this bird after his friend Gideon B. Smith.

>Calcarius lapponicus (Lapland Longspur)

Lapland Longspur

Lapland Longspur
Breeding male
Female
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Calcariidae
Genus:	Calcarius
Species:	C. lapponicus
Binomial name
Calcarius lapponicus (Linnaeus, 1758)

The Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus), also known as the Lapland Bunting, is a passerine bird in the longspur family Calcariidae, a group separated by most modern authors from the Fringillidae (Old World finches).

Distribution and habitat

It breeds across Arctic Europe and Asia and in Canada and the northernmost USA. It is migratory, wintering in the Russian steppes, the southern USA, Northern Scandinavian arctic areas and down to coastal Southern Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain. This is the only Eurasian species of the longspur buntings, and while it probably did not evolve there, it has been present in Eastern Europe for at least about 30,000 years.

Description

The Lapland Longspur is a robust bird, with a thick yellow seed-eater's bill. The summer male has a black head and throat, white eyestripe, chestnut nape, white underparts, and a heavily streaked black-grey back. Other plumages have a plainer orange-brown head, a browner back and chestnut nape and wing panels.

Behaviour

The most common flight call is a hard "prrrrt" usually preceded by a more nasal "teeww". When breeding, it also makes a softer "duyyeee" followed by a pause and a "triiiuuu"; both sounds alternate.

It breeds in wet areas with birch or willow, and or bare mountains, and winters on cultivated land or coasts. The bird is often seen close to the tree line, and likes to feed in mixed-species flocks in winter. Its natural food consists of insects when feeding young, and otherwise seeds. The nest is on the ground. 2-4 eggs are laid.

Food Habits

The food habits of the Lapland Longspur are quite simple: mostly seeds in winter and arthropods in the summer, when they are in activity.

During the winter, the longspur feeds on seeds. They pick them on the ground, rarely feeding directly on plants. They will forage around the same area for a period varying between a few minutes and an hour, then fly away looking for a new foraging area. Their seed diet is composed mainly of seeds from grass, foxtail, cultivated millet, crabgrass and wheat.During the breeding season, the birds migrate to the north, where their diet switches to arthropods. Nestlings are only fed arthropods, which also constitute the diet of the parents at that time of the year (June to July). The birds often catch insects in mid-air, but does forage through vegetation when climatic conditions prevent the insects from flying. Longspurs can consume between 3000 and 10000 prey items (insects or seeds) per day, depending on their energy needs. Dipteran larvae and adults form the major part of their insectivorous diet

>>Genus Calcarius (Longspur)

Longspur

Longspurs
Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Calcariidae
Genus:	Calcarius Bechstein, 1802
Species
See text.

The Longspurs, genus Calcarius, are a group of birds in the family Calcariidae. The name refers to the long claw on the hind toe of each foot. The genus formerly included the McCown's Longspur, Rhyncophanes mccownii, which is now placed in a separate genus.

These are chunky ground-feeding birds with long wings which are usually seen in open areas. Males declare ownership of a territory by singing during short flights over it. The male's breeding plumage is much brighter than his winter plumage. These birds gather in large flocks in winter. The longspurs are all found in North America; the Lapland Longspur, orLapland Bunting, is also found in Europe and Asia.

The full list of species is:

• Lapland Longspur, or Lapland Bunting, Calcarius lapponicus
• Smith's Longspur, Calcarius pictus
• Chestnut-collared Longspur, Calcarius ornatus

>>>Family Calcariidae

Family Calcariidae

Calcariidae
Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Suborder:	Passeri
Family:	Calcariidae
Genera
Calcarius Plectrophenax Rhynchophanes

The Calcariidae - commonly known as longspurs or snow buntings - are a small family of passerine birds. There are 3 genera and 6 species worldwide.

Taxonomy

DNA studies confirmed the species of this family form a clade separated from the Emberizidae. Alström et al. (2008) proposed to place them in the tribe Calcariini, but the International Ornithological Congress has placed them in a separate family in 2010.

Genera and Species

• Calcarius

Lapland Bunting (Calcarius lapponicus)

Smith's Longspur (Calcarius pictus)

Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus)

• Plectrophenax

Snow Bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis)

McKay's Bunting (Plectrophenax hyperboreus)

• Rhynchophanes

McCown's Longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii)

>Turnix olivii (Buff-breasted Buttonquail)

Buff-breasted Buttonquail

Buff-breasted Buttonquail
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Turniciformes
Family:	Turnicidae
Genus:	Turnix
Species:	T. olivii
Binomial name
Turnix olivii (Robinson, 1900)

The Buff-breasted Buttonquail (Turnix olivii) is the largest and possibly the rarest of the buttonquail. This species is endemic to extreme northeastern Australia, in northern Queensland from near Coen to Mareeba west of Cairns.

Description

The Buff-breasted Buttonquail measures from 18–23 centimetres (7.1–9.1 in) and usually weighs over 110 grams (3.9 oz). Both the tail and wings are short. The back is chestnut. The sides of the head are marked with chestnut on an otherwise plain gray head; while the breast is warm buff-colored. The Painted Buttonquail and the Brown Quail both coexist with this species. The Buff-breasted is larger (and longer-legged) than either and is quite different different from the all-dark quail. The Painted species is almost totally mottled, with bold white spotting on the breast and no warm buff coloration. The most similar species to the Buff-breasted is the Chestnut-backed Buttonquail, which does not overlap in the wild.

The advertising (or booming) call made by the female is ooom-oom-oom, repeated up to 20 times. The notes are almost inaudible initially, then become gradually louder, higher-pitched and shorter until they are far-carrying. The males will respond with a deep, rapidchu-chu-chu whistle. Other calls, perhaps in reaction to danger, include gug-gug-gug, a soft chirp-chirp-chirp and a loud kwaare-kwaare.

Distribution and habitat

These birds favor lowland, subcoastal grasslands or woodlands. They may be found at any elevation to 400 m (1320 ft). Reports describe this species as dependent on grassy woods made up of Melaleuca, Acacia, Alphitonia and Tristania. They have been seen in area of heavy scrub ground cover, up to 1 m (3.3 ft) -high in some cases, but can also be seen in rocky areas where almost no scrub cover is present.

Conservation status

The Buff-breasted Buttonquail is an endangered species, with a population estimated at 500 individuals and an historical range of 2070 km². (1286 square miles). They have been extirpated from large portions of their original range, probably due in part due to cattle overgrazing, sites made unsuitable by fire regimes and general habitat clearances to make way for human habitation.

Important Bird Areas

Sites identified by BirdLife International as being important for Buff-breasted Buttonquail conservation are the Iron and McIlwraith Ranges, and the Morehead River of Far North Queensland.

Behaviour

Very few people see the Buff-breasted Buttonquail due partially to its tiny range and also due to its inconspicuous disposition. They usually walk or run in areas where they are well camouflaged, almost never leaving the ground except when absolutely needed. They reside in the same areas usually, but local movements have been recorded, probably in response to seasonal habitat changes.

Diet

Details of their diet are little known, but (like most buttonquail) they probably live off of insects and seeds, with sand used as a digestion aid.

Breeding

These birds are known to be solitary breeders. The breeding season is January through March. The nest is a shallow depression with a dome of grasses and a side entrance, which itself is lined with grasses and leaves. Usually the nest site is well obscured behind grasses, low scrubs or tussock. Two to four round eggs (usually 3) are laid. The eggs are whitish and speckled with chestnut, bluish-gray or black. The incubation period is unknown, but the male is thought to assume all incubation and chick-care activities. The young are precocial and nidifugous.

>Turnix velox (Little Buttonquail)

Little Buttonquail

Little Buttonquail
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Turniciformes
Family:	Turnicidae
Genus:	Turnix
Species:	T. velox
Binomial name
Turnix velox (Gould, 1841)
The Distribution of the Little Buttonquail

The Little Buttonquail (Turnix velox) is a buttonquail, one of a small family of birds which resemble, but are unrelated to, the true quails. This species is resident in Australia, where it is one of the more common button-quails.

The species is found in grassland habitats.

The female is an unmarked pale colour below, and straw-brown above with white streaking; the male is similar but less neatly-marked. The species has a large pale bill, and pale eye.

>Turnix maculosus (Red-backed Buttonquail)

Red-backed Buttonquail

Red-backed Buttonquail
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Gruiformes
Family:	Turnicidae
Genus:	Turnix
Species:	T. maculosus
Binomial name
Turnix maculosus (Temminck, 1815)

The Red-backed Buttonquail (Turnix maculosus) is a species of bird in the Turnicidae family. It is found in Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and Solomon Islands.

>Turnix pyrrhothorax (Red-chested Buttonquail)

Red-chested Buttonquail

Red-chested Buttonquail
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Gruiformes
Family:	Turnicidae
Genus:	Turnix
Species:	T. pyrrhothorax
Binomial name
Turnix pyrrhothorax (Gould, 1841)
The Distribution of the Red-chested Button-quail, Green Denotes Vagrant Records

The Red-chested Buttonquail (Turnix pyrrhothorax) is a species of bird in the Turnicidae family. It is endemic to Australia.

Conservation status

Red-chested Button-quail are not listed as threatened on the Australian Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. However, their conservation status varies from state to state within Australia. For example:

• The Red-chested Button-quail is listed as threatened on the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act (1988). Under this Act, an Action Statement for the recovery and future management of this species has not yet been prepared.

• On the 2007 advisory list of threatened vertebrate fauna in Victoria, the Red-chested Button-quail is listed as vulnerable.