>Penelopides mindorensis (Mindoro Hornbill)

Mindoro Hornbill

 

Mindoro Hornbill
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Coraciiformes
Family:	Bucerotidae
Genus:	Penelopides
Species:	P. mindorensis
Binomial name
Penelopides mindorensis Steere, 1890
Synonyms
Penelopides panini mindorensis

The Mindoro Hornbill (Penelopides mindorensis) is a species of hornbill in the Bucerotidae family. It is endemic to forests on Mindoro in the Philippines. As is the case with all Philippine tarictic hornbills, it has been considered a subspecies of P. panini. It is the only tarictic hornbill where both sexes are creamy-white and black. The sexes are very similar, and primarily differ in the colour of the ocular ring (pinkish-white in the male, blue in the female).

The Mindoro Tarictic Hornbill is threatened by habitat loss, and is consequently considered endangered by IUCN

The mindoro tarictic is not currently being kept in captivity.

>Penelopides samarensis (Samar Hornbill)

Samar Hornbill

 

SamarHornbill
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Coraciiformes
Family:	Bucerotidae
Genus:	Penelopides
Species:	P. samarensis
Binomial name
Penelopides samarensis Steere, 1890
Synonyms
Penelopides panini samarensisPenelopides affinis samarensis

The Samar Hornbill (Penelopides samarensis is a species of hornbill in the Bucerotidae family. It is found in forests on the islands of Samar, Calicoan, Leyte and Bohol in the east-central Philippines. As is the case with all Philippine tarictic hornbills, it has been considered a subspecies of P. panini. Alternatively, it is considered a subspecies of P. affinis.

In captivity Walsrode Bird Park is the only place where the bird can be seen outside the Philippines. They have one male. San Diego has breed these birds but they are not kept anymore.

>Penelopides affinis (Mindanao Hornbill)

Mindanao Hornbill

 

Mindanao Hornbill
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Coraciiformes
Family:	Bucerotidae
Genus:	Penelopides
Species:	P. affinis
Binomial name
Penelopides affinis Tweeddale, 1877
Synonyms
Penelopides panini affinis

The Mindanao Hornbill (Penelopides affinis), sometimes called Mindanao Tarictic Hornbill, is a medium-small species of hornbill found in the canopy of rainforests on Mindanao, Dinagat,
Siargao and Basilan in the southern Philippines. As is the case with all Philippine tarictic hornbills, it has been considered a subspecies of P. panini. Additionally, the Samar Hornbill is often included as a subspecies of the Mindanao Hornbill.

Subspecies

There are two subspecies:

• P. a. affinis (nominate). Found on the islands of Mindanao, Dinagat and Siargao.
• P. affinis basilanica. Found on the island of Basilan.

Behavior

It is social and often seen in pairs of small groups. These birds are noisy and emit an incessant sound that sounds like ta-rik-tik, hence the name. Despite their noise they are difficult to find, being well camouflaged by the dense foliage.

Diet

The principal food of Mindanao Hornbill is fruit. It also eats insects, beetles, ants and earthworms (rarely).

In captivity

The Mindanao Hornbill is often labelled as Penelopides panini in zoos due to the taxonomic complications with this genus. London Zoo used to keep a bird in this way. There are now very few Mindanao Hornbills outside the Philippines. Hong Kong Zoological and Botanical Gardens keep an elderly female.

>Penelopides manillae (Luzon Hornbill)

Luzon Hornbill

Luzon Hornbill
male (above) and female (below)
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Coraciiformes
Family:	Bucerotidae
Genus:	Penelopides
Species:	P. manillae
Binomial name
Penelopides manillae (Boddaert, 1783)
Synonyms
Penelopides panini manillae

The Luzon Hornbill (Penelopides manillae), sometimes called Luzon Tarictic Hornbill, is a species of hornbill in the Bucerotidae family. It is endemic to forests on Luzon and nearby islands in the northern Philippines. As is the case with all Philippine
tarictic hornbills, it has been considered a subspecies of P. panini.

There are two subspecies of the Luzon Hornbill: The relatively widespread nominate, andsubniger from the islands of Polillo and Patnanongan. It was hunted for meat, but now is considered to be safe as a new hunting ban has been enforced.

In captivity

This species is kept in captivity. Jurong Bird Park keeps the species in their hornbill complex. There are two pairs in two different aviaries and Jurong has bred the species at one point. There is Safari World in Thailand with this species too. There are several zoos in the Philippines which keep the species and some have breeding success. San Diego Wild Animal Park used to keep and breed the species. Now however the only individual of this species outside Asia are kept at zoos in Berlin and Frankfurt. Berlin keeps the nominate subspecies and Frankfurt have a pair of the subniger. There has been some problems with all the tarictic hornbills in captivity because all species used to be considered conspecific. For example, the birds at Frankfurt are listed as subniger and yet do not have the correct bill colouration.

Gallery

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  Male
 
• 

  Male
 
• 

  Male
 
• 

  Female

>Penelopides panini (Tarictic Hornbill)

Tarictic Hornbill

Tarictic Hornbill
Pair at Avifauna in Alphen aan de Rijn, Netherlands.
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Coraciiformes
Family:	Bucerotidae
Genus:	Penelopides
Species:	P. panini
Binomial name
Penelopides panini Boddaert, 1783

The Tarictic Hornbill (Penelopides panini) is a hornbill found in rainforests on the islands of Panay, Negros, Masbate, and Guimaras, and formerly Ticao, in the Philippines. It formerly included all other Philippine tarictic hornbills as subspecies, in which case the common name of the 'combined species' was shortened to Tarictic Hornbill.

Description

The adults show sexual dimorphism. The male has a creamy-white head and neck, a white upper chest, a reddish brown lower chest and uppertail-coverts, and a creamy-white buff tail with a broad black tip. The bill and casque are blackish; the former with yellowish ridges. The bare ocular skin is pinkish-white. The tail and bill of the female resemble that of the male, but otherwise the plumage of the female is black, and the ocular skin is blue.

Diet and behavior

Visayan Tarictic Hornbills live in groups and frequent the canopy of rainforests. These birds are noisy and emit an incessant sound that sounds like ta-rik-tik, hence the name. Despite their noise they are difficult to find, being well camouflaged by the dense foliage.

The principal food of Visayan Tarictic Hornbill is fruit. It also eats insects, beetles, ants and earthworms (rarely).

Subspecies

• Visayan Tarictic Hornbill, Penelopides panini panini - Panay, Negros, Masbate and Guimaras.
• Ticao Tarictic Hornbill, Penelopides panini ticaensis - Ticao (likely extinct).

Conservation

Tarictic Hornbill chick surrendered to researchers in Panay, Philippines.

This is a highly endangered species. The total population is estimated at 1800 individuals. There has been a heavy decline in population due to hunting and loss of habitat caused by deforestation. The subspecies ticaensis was described as "abundant" in 1905, but almost the entire forest on the island was replaced by plantations and settlements in the 20th century. The last time the Ticao Tarictic was seen was in 1971, and it is now likely to be extinct. If confirmed, this is the first taxon of hornbill to go extinct in recorded history; many other taxa in the family are now at risk.

Captivity

This species has just been imported from Panay in the Philippines by Chester Zoo, England. There are two pairs at Chester, and two pairs at Avifauna in the Netherlands.

In the past, Los Angeles Zoo has bred this species, but it is not known whether these birds were pure Penelopides panini panini, so it may not be the first captive breeding of this species; that title may go to a breeding centre on Panay, where Chester's birds came from. Chester zoo have bred this species.

>Penelopides exarhatus (Sulawesi Hornbill)

Sulawesi Hornbill

Sulawesi Hornbill
male
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Coraciiformes
Family:	Bucerotidae
Genus:	Penelopides
Species:	P. exarhatus
Binomial name
Penelopides exarhatus (Temminck, 1823)

Female at San Diego Zoo

The Sulawesi Hornbill (Penelopides exarhatus), also known as the
Sulawesi Tarictic Hornbill, Temminck's Hornbill orSulawesi Dwarf Hornbill, is a relatively small, approximately 45 cm long, black hornbill. The male has a yellow face and throat, and black-marked yellowish-horn bill. The female has an all black plumage and a darker bill.

An Indonesian endemic, the Sulawesi Hornbill is distributed in the tropical lowland, swamps and primary forests of Sulawesi and nearby islands, from sea-level to altitude up to 1,100 metres. There are two subspecies of the Sulawesi Hornbill. The nominate subspecies, P. e. exarhatus, occurs in northern Sulawesi. The second subspecies, P. e. sanfordi is found in central, east and south Sulawesi, Buton and Muna Island.

The Sulawesi Hornbill is a social species that lives in groups of up to 20 individuals. It is believed that only the dominant pair breeds, while the remaining members of the group act as helpers. The diet consists mainly of fruits, figs and insects. The female seals itself inside a tree hole for egg-laying. During this time, the male and helpers will provide food for the female and the young.

Male (left) and female

Widespread and common throughout its native range, the Sulawesi Hornbill is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

This species is one of the tarictic hornbills that is doing better in zoos. There are three collections currently breeding the birds:Whipsnade (England), Avifauna (the Netherlands) and San Diego (USA).At Whipsnade the birds are kept in the bird garden area whereas at San Diego they have two pairs. One pair is in the walk-through Parker Aviary and the other in a small nearby aviary.

>>Genus Penelopides

Penelopides

Tarictic hornbills
Penelopides panini
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Coraciiformes
Family:	Bucerotidae
Genus:	Penelopides L. Reichenbach, 1849
Species
2-6, see text

Penelopides is the genus of relatively small, primarily frugivorous
hornbills found in forests of the Philippines and the Indonesian island of Sulawesi. Their common name, tarictic hornbills, is an onomatopoetic reference to the main call of several of them. They have a ridged plate-like structure on the base of their mandible. All are sexually dimorphic, with males of all except the Sulawesi Hornbill being whitish-buff and black, while females of all except the Mindoro Hornbill are primarily black.

Taxonomy

While the taxonomic history of the Sulawesi Hornbill has been uneventful, the number of species in the Philippine Archipelago has been greatly debated. Traditionally, only a single Philippine species was recognized, the Tarictic Hornbill (P. panini). Following a review, it was recommended that it should be split into four allopatric species, the Visayan (P. panini), Luzon (P. manillae), Mindanao (P. affinis), and Mindoro (P. mindorensis). Today most authorities accept these splits, although some, for reasons that are unclear, also have recommended splitting the Samar (P. samarensis) from the Mindanao.

• Sulawesi Hornbill (Penelopides exarhatus)
• Tarictic Hornbill (Penelopides panini)
• Luzon Hornbill (Penelopides manillae)
• Mindanao Hornbill (Penelopides affinis)
• Samar Hornbill (Penelopides samarensis)
• Mindoro Hornbill (Penelopides mindorensis)