>>>Bustard

Bustard

Bustards
Kori Bustard (Ardeotis kori)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Gruiformes
Family:	Otididae Rafinesque, 1815
Genera
See text.

Bustards, including floricans and korhaans, are large and highly terrestrial birds mainly associated with dry open country and steppes in the Old World. They range in length from 40 to 150 cm (16 to 59 in). They make up the family Otididae (formerly known as Otidae). Bustards are omnivorous and opportunistic.

Description

Bustards are all fairly large with the two largest species, the Kori Bustard(Ardeotis kori) and the Great Bustard (Otis tarda), being frequently cited as the world's heaviest flying birds. In both the largest species, large males exceed a weight 20 kg (44 lb), weigh around 13.5 kg (30 lb) on average and are capable of attaining a total length of 150 cm (59 in). The smallest species is the Little Brown Bustard (Eupodotis humilis), which is around 40 cm (16 in) long and weighs around 600 g (1.3 lb) on average. In most bustards, males are substantially larger than females, often about 30% longer and sometimes more than twice the weight. They are among the most sexually dimorphic groups of birds. In only the floricans is the sexual dimorphism reverse, with the adult female being slightly larger and heavier than the male.

The wings have 10 primaries and 16-24 secondaries feathers. The tail, in the other hand, have 18-20 feathers. The plumage is predominantly cryptic.

Behaviour and ecology

Bustards are omnivorous, feeding principally on seeds and invertebrates. They make their nests on the ground, making their eggs and offspring often very vulnerable to predation. They walk steadily on strong legs and big toes, pecking for food as they go. Most prefer to run or walk over flying. They have long broad wings with "fingered" wingtips, and striking patterns in flight. Many have interesting mating displays, such as inflating throat sacs or elevating elaborate feathered crests. The female lays three to five dark, speckled eggs in a scrape in the ground, and incubates them alone.

Bustards are gregarious outside the breeding season, but are very wary and difficult to approach in the open habitats they prefer.

Species in taxonomic order

Family: Otididae

• Genus: Otis
  • Great Bustard, Otis tarda, subspecies tarda and dybowskii
• Genus: Ardeotis
  • Arabian Bustard, Ardeotis arabs
  • Kori Bustard, Ardeotis kori, subspecies kori and struthinuclus
  • Great Indian Bustard, Ardeotis nigriceps
  • Australian Bustard, Ardeotis australis
• Genus: Chlamydotis
  • Houbara Bustard, Chlamydotis undulata, subspecies undulata and fuertaventurae
    • Canarian Houbara, Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae
  • Macqueen's Bustard, Chlamydotis macqueenii
• Genus: Neotis
  • Ludwig's Bustard, Neotis ludwigii
  • Denham's Bustard, or Stanley Bustard, Neotis denhami
  • Heuglin's Bustard, Neotis heuglinii
  • Nubian Bustard, Neotis nuba
• Genus: Eupodotis
  • Blue Korhaan, Eupodotis caerulescens
  • Little Brown Bustard, Eupodotis humilis
  • Rüppell's Korhaan, Eupodotis rueppellii
  • White-bellied Bustard, Eupodotis senegalensis
  • Karoo Korhaan, Eupodotis vigorsii
  • Southern Black Korhaan, Eupodotis afra
  • Northern Black Korhaan, Eupodotis afraoides
• Genus: Lophotis
  • Savile's Bustard, Lophotis savilei
  • Buff-crested Bustard, Lophotis gindiana
  • Red-crested Korhaan, Lophotis ruficrista
• Genus: Lissotis
  • Black-bellied Bustard, Lissotis melanogaster
  • Hartlaub's Bustard, Lissotis hartlaubii
• Genus: Houbaropsis
  • Bengal Florican, Houbaropsis bengalensis
• Genus: Sypheotides
  • Lesser Florican, Sypheotides indica
• Genus: Tetrax
  • Little Bustard, Tetrax tetrax

Status and conservation

Most species are declining or endangered through habitat loss and hunting, even where they are nominally protected.The last bustard in Britain died in approximately 1832, but the bird is being reintroduced through batches of chicks imported from Russia;two great bustard eggs were recently laid in Britain for the first time in over 150 years,but were unfertilized – probably owing to the still juvenile male population.

Floricans

Some Indian bustards are also called Floricans. The origin of the name is unclear. Thomas C. Jerdon writes in The Birds of India (1862)

I have not been able to trace the origin of the Anglo-Indian word Florikin, but was once informed that the Little Bustard in Europe was sometimes called Flanderkin. Latham gives the word Flercher as an English name, and this, apparently, has the same origin as Florikin.

— Jerdon's Birds of India, 2nd ed. ii. 625.

The Hobson-Jobson dictionary however casts doubt on this theory stating that

We doubt if Jerdon has here understood Latham correctly. What Latham writes is, in describing the Passarage Bustard, which, he says, is the size of the Little Bustard: Inhabits India. Called Passarage Plover. … I find that it is known in India by the name of Oorail; by some of the English called Flercher. (Suppt. to Gen. Synopsis of Birds, 1787, 229. Here we understand the English to be the English in India, and Flercher to be a clerical error for some form of floriken.